Japan has successfully tested a rotary detonation engine in space

The basic concept of the rotating detonation engine (RDE) is so simple that it was born in the 1950s. RDE as a concept was first conceived at the University of Michigan in the 1950s, and is based on the idea that, unlike conventional internal combustion engines, the fuel is not burned but exploded in a circular chamber where the shock wave from the explosion travels along, providing propulsion while triggering another explosion – in other words, the process is self-sustaining until the fuel is used up.

How to reduce the environmental impact of aircraft

According to NASA, the ice crystals in the contrails have the same structure as naturally occurring clouds, so they can remain trapped in the atmosphere for up to several hours, affecting the surface temperature, again in a similar way to classical clouds.